Insentcs in the Kingdogm, Genus, Class and Family

Level in a taxonomic hierarchy

The major ranks: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, society, family, genus, and species, applied to the red flim-flam, Vulpes vulpes.

In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, form, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc.

A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more than specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more than general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank of any species and the description of its genus is basic; which means that to identify a particular organism, it is normally not necessary to specify ranks other than these first two.^[1]

Consider a particular species, the cerise fob, Vulpes vulpes: the next rank above, the genus Vulpes, comprises all the "true" foxes. Their closest relatives are in the immediately higher rank, the family Canidae, which includes dogs, wolves, jackals, and all foxes; the next college rank, the gild Carnivora, includes caniforms (bears, seals, weasels, skunks, raccoons and all those mentioned higher up), and feliforms (cats, civets, hyenas, mongooses). Carnivorans are one group of the hairy, warm-blooded, nursing members of the class Mammalia, which are classified amongst animals with backbones in the phylum Chordata, and with them amid all animals in the kingdom Animalia. Finally, at the highest rank all of these are grouped together with all other organisms possessing cell nuclei in the domain Eukarya.

The International Code of Zoological Classification defines rank as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic bureaucracy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)."^[2]

Master ranks [edit]

In his landmark publications, such as the Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to: kingdom, class, social club, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, nomenclature is regulated by the nomenclature codes. There are seven master taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or sectionalization, class, order, family, genus, species. In add-on, domain (proposed by Carl Woese) is now widely used every bit a cardinal rank, although information technology is not mentioned in any of the classification codes, and is a synonym for dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974.^{[three] [4]}

Main taxonomic ranks

Latin	English language
regio	domain
regnum	kingdom
phylum	phylum (in zoology) / segmentation (in botany)
classis	class
ordo	society
familia	family
genus	genus
species	species

A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and genus. When an organism is given a species proper noun information technology is assigned to a genus, and the genus proper name is office of the species name.

The species name is also chosen a binomial, that is, a two-term proper noun. For example, the zoological name for the human species is Human being sapiens. This is usually italicized in impress, or underlined when italics are not bachelor. In this case, Homo is the generic name and it is capitalized; sapiens indicates the species and it is not capitalized.

Ranks in zoology [edit]

There are definitions of the following taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, subgenus, species, subspecies.

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature divides names into "family unit-group names", "genus-group names" and "species-group names". The Code explicitly mentions the post-obit ranks for these categories:

---

Superfamily

Family

Subfamily

Tribe

Subtribe

---

Genus

Subgenus

---

Species

Subspecies

---

The rules in the Code apply to the ranks of superfamily to subspecies, and just to some extent to those above the rank of superfamily. Among "genus-group names" and "species-grouping names" no further ranks are officially allowed. Zoologists sometimes use additional terms such as species group, species subgroup, species complex and superspecies for convenience as extra, but unofficial, ranks betwixt the subgenus and species levels in taxa with many species, e.g. the genus Drosophila. (Notation the potentially disruptive apply of "species group" as both a category of ranks equally well equally an unofficial rank itself.^{[ commendation needed ]})

At higher ranks (family and in a higher place) a lower level may be denoted past adding the prefix "infra", meaning lower, to the rank. For instance, infraorder (below suborder) or infrafamily (beneath subfamily).

Names of zoological taxa [edit]

• A taxon higher up the rank of species has a scientific name in 1 part (a uninominal name).
• A species has a name composed of two parts (a binomial proper name or binomen): generic name + specific name; for instance Canis lupus.
• A subspecies has a name composed of three parts (a trinomial proper noun or trinomen): generic name + specific name + subspecific proper name; for example Canis lupus italicus. As in that location is merely i possible rank beneath that of species, no connecting term to indicate rank is needed or used.

Ranks in botany [edit]

Co-ordinate to Art iii.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) the most important ranks of taxa are: kingdom, division or phylum, form, order, family unit, genus, and species. According to Fine art 4.i the secondary ranks of taxa are tribe, section, series, variety and form. At that place is an indeterminate number of ranks. The ICN explicitly mentions:^[5]

---

master ranks

secondary ranks

further ranks

---

kingdom (regnum)

subregnum

division or phylum (divisio, phylum)

subdivisio or subphylum

class (classis)

subclassis

guild (ordo)

subordo

---

family unit (familia)

subfamilia

tribe (tribus)

subtribus

genus (genus)

subgenus

section (sectio)

subsection

series (series)

subseries

species (species)

subspecies

variety (varietas)

subvarietas

form (forma)

subforma

---

At that place are definitions of the post-obit taxonomic categories in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: cultivar group, cultivar, grex.

The rules in the ICN utilise primarily to the ranks of family and beneath, and only to some extent to those above the rank of family. Also see descriptive botanical name.

Names of botanical taxa [edit]

Taxa at the rank of genus and above have a botanical name in one part (unitary name); those at the rank of species and in a higher place (just below genus) have a botanical name in ii parts (binary name); all taxa beneath the rank of species have a botanical name in three parts (an infraspecific name). To betoken the rank of the infraspecific name, a "connecting term" is needed. Thus Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia, where "subsp." is an abbreviation for "subspecies", is the name of a subspecies of Poa secunda.^[vi]

Hybrids tin can be specified either by a "hybrid formula" that specifies the parentage, or may be given a name. For hybrids receiving a hybrid proper noun, the aforementioned ranks apply, prefixed with notho (Greek: 'bounder'), with nothogenus as the highest permitted rank.^[7]

Outdated names for botanical ranks [edit]

If a unlike term for the rank was used in an former publication, but the intention is clear, botanical nomenclature specifies certain substitutions:^{[ citation needed ]}

• If names were "intended as names of orders, simply published with their rank denoted past a term such every bit": "cohors" [Latin for "accomplice";^[8] see also cohort study for the use of the term in environmental], "nixus", "alliance", or "Reihe" instead of "order" (Article 17.ii), they are treated every bit names of orders.
• "Family unit" is substituted for "order" (ordo) or "natural club" (ordo naturalis) nether certain conditions where the mod meaning of "order" was not intended. (Article xviii.2)
• "Subfamily is substituted for "suborder" (subordo) under certain weather where the modern meaning of "suborder" was not intended. (Article 19.two)
• In a publication prior to i January 1890, if only one infraspecific rank is used, it is considered to be that of diversity. (Article 37.4) This commonly applies to publications that labelled infraspecific taxa with Greek messages, α, β, γ, ...

Examples [edit]

Classifications of v species follow: the fruit fly familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli. The eight major ranks are given in bold; a selection of minor ranks are given equally well.

Table notes

• In order to go on the table compact and avoid disputed technicalities, some common and uncommon intermediate ranks are omitted. For example, the mammals of Europe, Africa, and upper Due north America^[a] are in course Mammalia, legion Cladotheria, sublegion Zatheria, infralegion Tribosphenida, subclass Theria, clade Eutheria, clade Placentalia – but simply Mammalia and Theria are in the tabular array. Legitimate arguments might arise if the commonly used clades Eutheria and Placentalia were both included, over which is the rank "infraclass" and what the other's rank should exist, or whether the two names are synonyms.
• The ranks of higher taxa, especially intermediate ranks, are prone to revision as new information about relationships is discovered. For instance, the flowering plants have been downgraded from a division (Magnoliophyta) to a bracket (Magnoliidae), and the superorder has become the rank that distinguishes the major groups of flowering plants.^[9] The traditional nomenclature of primates (class Mammalia, subclass Theria, infraclass Eutheria, order Primates) has been modified past new classifications such every bit McKenna and Bell (class Mammalia, subclass Theriformes, infraclass Holotheria) with Theria and Eutheria assigned lower ranks between infraclass and the order Primates. See mammal classification for a discussion. These differences arise because there are few available ranks and many branching points in the fossil record.
• Within species farther units may be recognised. Animals may be classified into subspecies (for example, Homo sapiens sapiens, modern humans) or morphs (for case Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus, the pied raven). Plants may be classified into subspecies (for instance, Pisum sativum subsp. sativum, the garden pea) or varieties (for case, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon, snow pea), with cultivated plants getting a cultivar proper noun (for example, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon 'Snowbird'). Bacteria may exist classified by strains (for example Escherichia coli O157:H7, a strain that can cause food poisoning).

Terminations of names [edit]

Taxa above the genus level are often given names based on the type genus, with a standard termination. The terminations used in forming these names depend on the kingdom (and sometimes the phylum and course) as set out in the table below.

Pronunciations given are the most Anglicized. More Latinate pronunciations are also common, especially rather than for stressed a.

Rank	Leaner[ten]	Plants	Algae	Fungi	Animals	Viruses[xi]
Division/phylum		-ophyta[12]		-mycota		-viricota
Subdivision/subphylum		-phytina[12]		-mycotina		-viricotina
Class	-ia	-opsida	-phyceae	-mycetes		-viricetes
Subclass	-idae		-phycidae	-mycetidae		-viricetidae
Superorder		-anae
Order	-ales				-ida or -iformes	-virales
Suborder	-ineae					-virineae
Infraorder		-aria
Superfamily		-acea			-oidea
Epifamily					-oidae
Family	-aceae				-idae	-viridae
Subfamily	-oideae				-inae	-virineae
Infrafamily					-odd [13]
Tribe	-eae				-ini
Subtribe	-inae				-ina
Infratribe					-ad or -iti

Table notes

• In botany and mycology names at the rank of family and below are based on the proper noun of a genus, sometimes called the type genus of that taxon, with a standard catastrophe. For example, the rose family, Rosaceae, is named afterward the genus Rosa, with the standard ending "-aceae" for a family. Names above the rank of family unit are also formed from a generic name, or are descriptive (similar Gymnospermae or Fungi).
• For animals, there are standard suffixes for taxa merely upward to the rank of superfamily.^[14] Uniform suffix has been suggested (simply non recommended) in AAAS^[xv] equally -ida for orders, for example; protozoologists seem to adopt this organization. Many metazoan (higher animals) orders also have such suffix, eastward.1000. Hyolithida and Nectaspida (Naraoiida).
• Forming a name based on a generic proper name may be not straightforward. For example, the man has the genitive hominis , thus the genus Man (human) is in the Hominidae, not "Homidae".
• The ranks of epifamily, infrafamily and infratribe (in animals) are used where the complexities of phyletic branching require finer-than-usual distinctions. Although they fall beneath the rank of superfamily, they are not regulated under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and hence do non have formal standard endings. The suffixes listed here are regular, but informal.^[16]
• In virology, the formal endings for taxa of viroids and of satellite nucleic acids are similar to viruses, merely -vir- is replaced by -viroid-, -satellit-.^[11]

All ranks [edit]

There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at will, at whatever time, if they feel this is necessary. In doing and then, there are some restrictions, which will vary with the classification code which applies.

The following is an artificial synthesis, solely for purposes of sit-in of relative rank (but see notes), from most general to most specific:^[17]

• Domain or Empire
  • Subdomain (biological science)
• Realm (in virology)^[11]
  • Subrealm (in virology)^[11]
• Hyperkingdom
  • Superkingdom
    • Kingdom
      • Subkingdom
        • Infrakingdom
          • Parvkingdom
• Superphylum, or superdivision (in botany)
  • Phylum, or division (in botany)
    • Subphylum, or subdivision (in botany)
      • Infraphylum, or infradivision (in phytology)
        • Microphylum
• Superclass
  • Grade
    • Subclass
      • Infraclass
        • Subterclass
          • Parvclass
• Superdivision (in zoology)^[18]
  • Sectionalisation (in zoology)^[xviii]
    • Subdivision (in zoology)^[18]
      • Infradivision (in zoology)^[18]
• Superlegion (in zoology)
  • Legion (in zoology)
    • Sublegion (in zoology)
      • Infralegion (in zoology)
• Supercohort (in zoology)^[19]
  • Cohort (in zoology)^[19]
    • Subcohort (in zoology)^[19]
      • Infracohort (in zoology)^[nineteen]
• Gigaorder (in zoology)^[twenty]
  • Magnorder or megaorder (in zoology)^[20]
    • Grandorder or capaxorder (in zoology)^[20]
      • Mirorder or hyperorder (in zoology)^[20]
        • Superorder
          • Series (for fish)
            • Order
              • Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
                • Nanorder (in zoology)
                  • Hypoorder (in zoology)
                    • Minorder (in zoology)
                      • Suborder
                        • Infraorder
                          • Parvorder (usual position), or microorder (in zoology)^[twenty]
• Section (in zoology)
  • Subsection (in zoology)
• Gigafamily (in zoology)
  • Megafamily (in zoology)
    • Grandfamily (in zoology)
      • Hyperfamily (in zoology)
        • Superfamily
          • Epifamily (in zoology)
            • Serial (for Lepidoptera)
              • Group (for Lepidoptera)
                • Family
                  • Subfamily
                    • Infrafamily
• Supertribe
  • Tribe
    • Subtribe
      • Infratribe
• Supergenus
  • Genus
    • Subgenus
      • Department (in phytology)
        • Subsection (in botany)
          • Series (in botany)
            • Subseries (in botany)
• Superspecies or Species-grouping
  • Species
    • Subspecies, or forma specialis (for fungi), or pathovar (for bacteria)^[21])
      • Variety or varietas (in phytology); or form or morph (in zoology) or abnormality (in lepidopterology)
        • Subvariety (in phytology)
          • Form or forma (in botany)
            • Subform (in botany)

Significance and issues [edit]

Ranks are assigned based on subjective contrast, and practice not fully reflect the gradational nature of variation within nature. In most cases, higher taxonomic groupings ascend farther back in fourth dimension: non because the rate of diversification was higher in the past, but because each subsequent diversification effect results in an increase of variety and thus increases the taxonomic rank assigned by nowadays-day taxonomists.^[22] Furthermore, some groups take many described species not because they are more diverse than other species, but considering they are more hands sampled and studied than other groups.^{[ citation needed ]}

Of these many ranks, the most bones is species. Nonetheless, this is not to say that a taxon at whatever other rank may not be sharply defined, or that whatever species is guaranteed to exist sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this is not a requirement.^{[ citation needed ]}

A classification in which all taxa have formal ranks cannot adequately reverberate knowledge about phylogeny. Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in traditional Linnaean systems of classification, taxa without ranks cannot be given names. Culling approaches, such as using circumscriptional names, avoid this trouble.^{[23] [24]} The theoretical difficulty with superimposing taxonomic ranks over evolutionary trees is manifested as the boundary paradox which may be illustrated past Darwinian evolutionary models.

There are no rules for how many species should brand a genus, a family, or any other college taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level).^{[25] [26]} It should be a natural grouping (that is, not-artificial, not-polyphyletic), as judged past a biologist, using all the information available to them. As ranked higher taxa in dissimilar phyla are not necessarily equivalent (due east.g., it is wrong to assume that families of insects are in some mode evolutionarily comparable to families of mollusks).^[26] For animals, at least the phylum rank is ordinarily associated with a certain torso plan, which is also, yet, an arbitrary criterion.^{[ citation needed ]}

Mnemonic [edit]

There are several acronyms intended to help memorise the taxonomic hierarchy, such as "King Phillip came over for bang-up spaghetti". See taxonomy mnemonic.

See also [edit]

• Brood
• Catalogue of Life (a database)
• Cladistics
• Landrace
• Tree of life (biological science)

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ The Virginia opossum is an exception.

References [edit]

1. ^ "International Lawmaking of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Lawmaking". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Articles 2 and iii.
2. ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999), International Lawmaking of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition, International Trust for Zoological Classification
3. ^ Moore, R. T. (1974). "Proposal for the recognition of super ranks" (PDF). Taxon. 23 (4): 650–652. doi:ten.2307/1218807. JSTOR 1218807.
4. ^ Luketa, S. (2012). "New views on the megaclassification of life" (PDF). Protistology. 7 (4): 218–237.
5. ^ "International Lawmaking of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Articles 3 and 4.
6. ^ "International Code of Classification for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Articles four.2 and 24.1.
7. ^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Lawmaking". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Commodity 3.2, and Appendix 1, Articles H.1–three.
8. ^ Stearn, West.T. 1992. Botanical Latin: History, grammer, syntax, terminology and vocabulary, Fourth edition. David and Charles.
9. ^ Hunt, M.W.; Reveal, J.50. (2009), "A phylogenetic nomenclature of the country plants to back-trail APG III", Botanical Periodical of the Linnean Social club, 161 (2): 122–127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
10. ^ Euzéby, J. P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Classification: a folder available on the Internet (13 Dec. 2007 version)". International Periodical of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 47 (2): 590–592. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-ii-590. PMID 9103655.
11. ^ ^{a b c d} "ICTV Code. Section 3.Four, § iii.23; section iii.V, §§ three.27-3.28." International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
12. ^ ^{a b} "International Lawmaking of Classification for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code)". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2018. Article xvi.
13. ^ For case, the chelonian infrafamilies Chelodd (Gaffney & Meylan 1988: 169) and Baenodd (ibid., 176).
14. ^ ICZN commodity 29.2
15. ^ Pearse, A.South. (1936) Zoological names. A listing of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science. American Association for the Advocacy of Scientific discipline, p. four
16. ^ Every bit supplied by Gaffney & Meylan (1988).
17. ^ For the general usage and coordination of zoological ranks between the phylum and family levels, including many intercalary ranks, see Carroll (1988). For additional intercalary ranks in zoology, see specially Gaffney & Meylan (1988); McKenna & Bell (1997); Milner (1988); Novacek (1986, cit. in Carroll 1988: 499, 629); and Paul Sereno'due south 1986 classification of ornithischian dinosaurs as reported in Lambert (1990: 149, 159). For botanical ranks, including many intercalary ranks, see Willis & McElwain (2002).
18. ^ ^{a b c d} These are movable ranks, most often inserted between the grade and the legion or cohort. Nevertheless, their positioning in the zoological hierarchy may be subject to wide variation. For examples, see the Benton classification of vertebrates (2005).
19. ^ ^{a b c d} In zoological nomenclature, the cohort and its associated grouping of ranks are inserted between the course group and the ordinal group. The cohort has also been used between infraorder and family in saurischian dinosaurs (Benton 2005). In botanical classification, the cohort grouping has sometimes been inserted between the segmentation (phylum) group and the class grouping: see Willis & McElwain (2002: 100–101), or has sometimes been used at the rank of order, and is now considered to exist an obsolete name for order: Meet International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Melbourne Lawmaking 2012, Article 17.2.
20. ^ ^{a b c d e} The supra-ordinal sequence gigaorder–megaorder–capaxorder–hyperorder (and the microorder, in roughly the position most ofttimes assigned to the parvorder) has been employed in turtles at least (Gaffney & Meylan 1988), while the parallel sequence magnorder–grandorder–mirorder figures in recently influential classifications of mammals. It is unclear from the sources how these 2 sequences are to exist coordinated (or interwoven) within a unitary zoological hierarchy of ranks. Previously, Novacek (1986) and McKenna-Bell (1997) had inserted mirorders and grandorders between the gild and superorder, but Benton (2005) now positions both of these ranks above the superorder.
21. ^ Additionally, the terms biovar, morphovar, phagovar, and serovar designate bacterial strains (genetic variants) that are physiologically or biochemically distinctive. These are not taxonomic ranks, only are groupings of various sorts which may define a bacterial subspecies.
22. ^ Gingerich, P. D. (1987). "Evolution and the fossil tape: patterns, rates, and processes". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 65 (five): 1053–1060. doi:10.1139/z87-169.
23. ^ Kluge, North.J. (1999). "A organization of alternative nomenclatures of supra-species taxa. Linnaean and postal service-Linnaean principles of systematics". Entomological Review. 79 (2): 133–147.
24. ^ Kluge, N.J. (2010). "Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda". Bionomina. 1 (ane): 15–55. doi:ten.11646/bionomina.1.one.3.
25. ^ Stuessy, T.F. (2009). Establish Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data. 2nd ed. Columbia University Printing, p. 175.
26. ^ ^{a b} Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. (2003). Invertebrates. 2nd ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, pp. 26–27.

Bibliography [edit]

• Croizat, Leon (Jan 1945). "History and Nomenclature of the Higher Units of Nomenclature". Message of the Torrey Botanical Guild. 72 (1): 52–75. doi:10.2307/2481265. JSTOR 2481265.
• Benton, Michael J. 2005. Vertebrate Palaeontology, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-632-05637-1. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8
• Brummitt, R.Chiliad., and C.E. Powell. 1992. Authors of Constitute Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 0-947643-44-3
• Carroll, Robert L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-1822-7
• Gaffney, Eugene South., and Peter A. Meylan. 1988. "A phylogeny of turtles". In G.J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, 157–219. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Haris Abba Kabara. 2001. Karmos mitt book for botanical names.
• Lambert, David. 1990. Dinosaur Data Volume. Oxford: Facts on File & British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0-8160-2431-half dozen
• McKenna, Malcolm C., and Susan Thousand. Bell (editors). 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
• Milner, Andrew. 1988. "The relationships and origin of living amphibians". In G.J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Book 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, 59–102. Oxford: Clarendon Printing.
• Novacek, Michael J. 1986. "The skull of leptictid insectivorans and the higher-level classification of eutherian mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 183: ane–112.
• Sereno, Paul C. 1986. "Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia)". National Geographic Research 2: 234–56.
• Willis, K.J., and J.C. McElwain. 2002. The Development of Plants. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN 0-nineteen-850065-3

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank

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